In the urban developments of KL and PJ, maintaining the correct Air Change Rate (ACH) is a legal mandate, not a suggestion. These rates are governed primarily by the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) and supported by ASHRAE and JKKP (DOSH) guidelines to ensure that enclosed basements remain safe from toxic vehicle emissions and life-threatening smoke.
EKG M&E Sdn Bhd specializes in the engineering and certification of these flow rates to ensure your building remains fully compliant with Malaysian law.
Under the UBBL 1984 and prevailing BOMBA requirements, car park ventilation systems must be designed to meet two distinct operational modes:
| Mode | Statutory Requirement | Primary Purpose |
| General Ventilation | 6 Air Changes Per Hour (ACH) | Removal of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO_2) during normal traffic flow. |
| Smoke Spill Mode | 10 Air Changes Per Hour (ACH) | Rapid extraction of high-temperature smoke ($250^\circ\text$ for 2 hours) during a fire. |
Note: For very deep or complex basements, local councils like DBKL or MBPJ may require a higher ACH or a detailed CFD Airflow Analysis to prove the effectiveness of the design.
Make-Up Air (Fresh Air Supply)
For every cubic meter of air extracted, fresh air must be introduced. Typically, the supply air is designed at 80-90% of the exhaust rate to maintain a slight negative pressure, preventing odors and smoke from leaking into lift lobbies or stairwells.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Thresholds
While the ACH is fixed for design, the operation is often demand-controlled. Per JKKP (DOSH) Occupational Health standards:
Time-Weighted Average (8-hour): Should not exceed 25 ppm.
Ceiling Limit: Fans must ramp to 100% capacity if levels hit 50 ppm.
Fire Priority Override
The system's control logic must ensure that a fire signal from the Fire Alarm Monitoring System (FAMS) takes absolute priority. In this mode, any energy-saving Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) must bypass all limits to hit the mandatory 10 ACH instantly.
Volume Calculation: We calculate the "Gross Volume" ($V$) of the car park ($Area \times Height$).
Required Flow Rate ($Q$):
Where Q is the flow rate in m^3/min.
Anemometer Testing: During a BOMBA Audit, we use calibrated digital anemometers to measure the actual velocity at the face of the exhaust fans and supply louvers to verify the mathematical model matches reality.
Annual Fire Certificate (FC) Renewal: BOMBA will not renew an FC if the smoke spill system fails to hit the 10 ACH mark during a functional test.
Liability & Insurance: In the event of an incident, proven "under-ventilation" can lead to the voiding of building insurance and heavy fines for the Joint Management Body (JMB) or Management Corporation (MC).
Occupant Health: Proper ACH prevents the buildup of carcinogenic particulates and ensures that security guards and residents are not exposed to chronic $CO$ poisoning.
Malaysia
